Ngā wāhi kōmata o te hokohoko kai ā-ao: kei te whakakaha ngā mōrearea huarere i te whakaraerae o te mekameka tuku

Ngā Wāhi Tāmi o te Hokohoko Kai o te Ao: Kei te Whakakino ake ngā Mōrearea Āhuarangi i te Whakaraeraetanga o te Mekameka Tuku

\*E ai ki te pūrongo a Chatham House, ko te pūnaha kai o te ao e tino whakawhirinaki ana ki ētahi tauranga me ngā ara waka matua ruarua. Kei te pā mai ki ēnei wāhi tāmi ngā mōrearea āhuarangi maha, pērā i te tino ua me te pikinga o te taumata o te moana, otirā he maha ngā wā e iti iho ai te whakaaro ki ngā tūpono pūnaha.\*

Kāore te hokohoko kai o te ao e tohatoha ōrite ana i ngā moana nui me ngā whenua. Engari, ko tētahi wāhanga nui o ngā rerenga hokohoko o ngā witi, ngā pūrapura hinu, me ētahi atu hua ahuwhenua matua, e tino kukū ana ki ētahi tauranga, kūititanga, me ngā ara wai o uta. E kīia ana ēnei wāhi matua e ngā umanga rangahau o te ao he "wāhi tāmi" (chokepoints). Ki te motu tētahi o ēnei wāhanga, ka tere horapa te pānga ki te mekameka tuku. Nā te Royal Institute of International Affairs (Chatham House) i whakaputa tētahi pūrongo i te tau 2017, ko te 《Ngā Wāhi Tāmi me te Whakaraeraetanga i roto i te Hokohoko Kai o te Ao》 te ingoa. I roto i taua pūrongo, ka āta wetewetehia tēnei take. Ko te upoko tuatoru e aro ana ki ngā tūpono e whakawehi ana i te whakahaere o aua wāhi tāmi. Ahakoa kua roa kē te pūrongo i whakaputaina, ko ngā raru hanganga i whakaatuhia mai he mea nui tonu kia āta whakaarohia e te ahumahi ahuwhenua me te ahumahi kai.

Ko ēhea ngā Wāhi Tāmi o te Pūnaha Kai o te Ao?

Ko ēnei wāhi tāmi, arā, ngā kūititanga moana matua, ngā awa whakawhiti, ngā tauranga, me ngā pūnaha kawe i roto i ngā awa o te whenua, pērā i te awa whakawhiti o Panama, me te pūnaha wai o te Awa o Mississippi, e noho ana hei ara matua mō te kaweake hua ahuwhenua o Amerika. Ko tā ēnei wāhi i ōrite ai, ko te mea me haere te nuinga o te hokohoko kai mā roto i aua wāhi. E ai ki te pūrongo, nā tēnei kukūtanga matawhenua, kāore he parenga o te pūnaha tuku kai o te ao inā pā mai he raruraru ki tētahi rohe. Ko te mea whakaawangawanga ake, e rongo ana ēnei wāhi tāmi i te huhua o ngā tūpono kino; ko te nuinga o aua tūpono ehara i te mea he whakaaro noa kāore anō kia puta, engari kua tū kē, kua whakaroa i ngā kawe, kua whakapiki i ngā utu.

Ngā Tino Rerekē o te Ua: Te Tukinga Rua a te Waipuke me te Tauraki

He maha ngā whakaurunga kawe hua ahuwhenua matua o te ao e noho tūpono ana ki te ua tino nui. Ka tūkino tika te ua nui me te waipuke o te mata whenua i ngā hanganga tauranga me ngā whare putunga kai. Ā, i ngā rohe e uaua ai te tere whakawhiti i ngā utanga ki ētahi atu momo kawe, ka nui noa atu te pānga. Ko te tauira i hōmia e te pūrongo ko te whenua o Amerika: ka motu te kawe mā roto i ngā awa o te whenua nā te waipuke, ka kikī tonu ngā rori me ngā rerewī, ā, ka whāiti te āheinga ki te kawe kai ki tāwāhi mā runga taraka, mā runga tereina rānei.Engari he aituā anō te tauraki. I te raumati o 2012, ka pā te tauraki nui ki te Waenganui-hauāuru o Amerika, ka heke iho te taumata o te Awa o Mississippi ki tētahi taumata iti rawa, ā, tino roa te tāmia o te tukunga o ngā mānurea ki ngā kaipāmu. He mea nui te mōhio, e matapae ana ngā tauira huringa āhuarangi ka nui ake te auau o ngā pāngaru ki ngā ara kawe o Amerika nā te waipuke me te tauraki. Ko te tikanga, ehara i te mea ko ngā waipuke ohorere anake ka noho hei raruraru, engari ka noho te tauraki pūmau hei herenga roa mō te rere haere o ngā tāuru me ngā putanga o te ahuwhenua puta noa i te ao.

Ki te taha o ngā awakeri i hangaia, mā te panonitanga o te āhua o te ua e hua ake ngā wero whakahaere. I te puna o 2016, nā tētahi takahanga kaha o El Niño i kawe mai he tauraki roa ki Te Pokapū o Amerika, ā, ka heke te taumata o ngā roto o Gatun me Miraflores ki ngā taha e rua o te Awakeri o Panama. Hei tiaki i te haumaru o te whakaterenga, i whakatauhia e te mana whakahaere o te awakeri he herenga mō te hōhonu o te takere o ngā kaipuke; i pā tēnei whakaritenga ki te tata ki te haurima o ngā kaipuke i whakawhiti i taua awakeri. Nō reira e kitea ana, ahakoa kei ngā rohe tropika e nui ana te ua, mā te tino kore o te wai ka whakaheke i te pai o tēnei uaua hokohoko.

Te pikinga o te taumata o te moana: he horo tōtōa hei whānau i ngā mōrearea whakapeka

Hāunga ngā rerekētanga o ngā rawa wai māori, kei te panoni anō te moana. Nā te whakamahana o te rangi i whakawhānui ai te wai o te moana; ko ngā wai rewa anō hoki o ngā hukapapa me ngā papa huka e riringi mai ana, ka piki haere te taumata toharite o te moana. Ahakoa kāore anō ngā whakatauira kia mārama rawa ki te nui o te pikinga, ko te whakapae pūtaiao tino pono e wātea nei, ka piki te taumata o te moana ki te 0.44 mita ki te 0.74 mita i te tau 2100, ki runga ake i te taumata o 1986–2005. E whakatūpato ana te pūrongo he whakatau whakaiti tēnei, inā hoki kāore anō kia whakaurua katoatia ki roto i ngā tauira ngā tukanga urupare kore-rārangi.

Ehara i te pānga whakarahi noa ki ngā tauranga me ngā hanganga takutai, engari ka tāpiripiri ki ngā pāhūtanga tino kino. E kī ana te pūrongo i tētahi rangahau: ahakoa piki noa ake te moana mā te mita kotahi, ka tata ki te 1000 whakareanga te nui ake o te auau o te waipuke o Kolkata, Inia, i mua nei ka puta kotahi i ia rau tau. Ngā taputapu tiaki, ngā teiteitanga o ngā tauranga, me ngā pūnaha rerenga wai i ngā wāhi whāiti o te takutai, ka pā katoa ki ngā whakamātautau kāore i mōhiohia i mua.

Ko te mea nui ake, kei te poto haere ngā wā i waenga i ngā pāhūtanga tino kino. Nā ia pāhūtanga, ia pāhūtanga e whakapau ana i te kaha o ngā hanganga, ki te kore e whakatika i te wā tika, kua ngoikore kē aua hanganga ina tae mai te pānga o muri. Ko te mahana tōtōa me te makariri tōtōa, te ua nui me te hau kaha, e whakararu tika ana i ngā mahi kawe, engari ka whakangoikore nahanaha hoki i te tapatahi o ngā hanganga pūmau, pērā i ngā rori, ngā piriti me ngā tauranga. E pā ana ki tēnei, kī ana te pūrongo, ki te kore e taea te whakatū he tukanga whakaora e tika ana, e tere ana, ka taea te pānga o tētahi aituā nui te tāpiripiri ki te pānga o tērā e whai ake nei, ā, ka kino haere tonu te oranga o ngā hanganga i te wā poto me te wā roa.

Ngā pānga ahumahi: kāore te mōrearea wehe i te mea wehi, engari me tūpato ki te raruraru pūnaha

Kua whakaputaina e te pūrongo tētahi whakataunga nui: i te nuinga o ngā wā, kāore te aukatinga o tētahi kōpūtanga kotahi e kaha whakawetiweti i te haumarutanga kai i te taumata o te ao. I muri i te tūpuhi, he poto te wā whakaora; ā, mō te nuinga o ngā taonga, he kē atu ngā pūtake tuku, he kē atu rānei ngā huarahi kawe, kia taea ai e te pūnaha te whirihora anō mō te wā poto. Nā tēnei “tāruaruatanga” i ū tonu ai te hokohoko kai o te ao i muri i ngā pānga ā-rohe maha.Heoi anō, ko te raruraru tūturu ka ahu mai pea i te aukatinga tauhokohoko i ngā wāhi kōpiti nunui maha, e puta ngātahi ana, e whai tonu ana rānei. E whakatūpato ana te pūrongo, ki te tūpono tahi ēnei momo aukatinga, ka taea te tapahi i ngā ara tuku rautaki, te whakakino i te whaihua o te pūnaha, me te whakanui ake i te nui o te pikinga o ngā utu kai. Mō ngā whenua me ngā rohe e whakawhirinaki ana ki te kawemai kai, ka huri tēnei tūmomo tūpono pūnaha hei taumahatanga haumaru kai. Mō te ahumahi ahuwhenua, ko te tikanga o tēnei, kāore e taea e te whakamahere mekameka tuku te whakaaro noa ki te tawhiti me te utu o te kawe, engari me whakauru hoki ngā tūpono āhuarangi o ngā wāhi matua ki roto i te mahere.

Mai i te tirohanga whānui ake, ka whakatakoto hiahia hou ēnei tūpono mō ngā ahunga whakangao hanganga. E whakanui ana te pūrongo, nā te mea ka whakanuia e te panonitanga o te āhuarangi ngā pōrearea e pā ana ki te huarere, ko ngā pāhūtanga tino kino i mua ka kīia he "mea kotahi i te rau tau" ka kaha ake te puta. Mō te hanga me te tiaki i ngā tauranga, i ngā awa waka, i ngā ara waka roto, i ngā whare putunga hoki, me ahu i ngā āhuatanga āhuarangi ā muri ake nei, kaua ko ngā raraunga o mua. I te taha o tēnei, ko ngā pūnaha aroturuki matihiko me ngā pūnaha whakatūpato, ngā taputapu whakaatu i te mekameka tuku, me ngā mahere kawe whakaurunga, ka noho hei āpitinga e tika ana hei whakaū i te manawaroa o te pūnaha kai o te ao — ahakoa kāore te pūrongo i āta kōrero mō ngā otinga hangarau, ko tāna tātari mō te whakaraerae o te pūnaha, he horopaki whakahirahira mā ngā kamupene AgriTech me ngā kamupene hangarau mekameka tuku.

Tirohanga mō ā muri nei: mai i te urupare hāngū ki te ārai i mua atu

Mō te wā roa, ko te tipu haere tonu o te tauhokohoko kai o te ao ka nui ake te pēhanga ki ngā wāhi kōpiti, ā, mā te panonitanga o te āhuarangi e whakanui ake ngā pānga o ngā pōrearea huarere. Ki te kāore e āta whakaritea i mua, ko ngā mea onge o mua ka noho hei āhuatanga noa. E karanga ana te pūrongo kia mahi wawe ngā kaiwhakarite kaupapa here, kia iti ake te tūpono o te rangirua nui ki ēnei wāhi. Ko te haumarutanga kai o te ao ā muri nei, ka tino whakawhirinaki ki tō tātou kaha ki te urutau ki tēnei āhuatanga āhuarangi hou. Mō te ao hangarau ahuwhenua, ko te whakawhanake i ngā taputapu aromatawai tūpono mekameka tuku, te waihanga i ngā whatunga aroturuki i te wā tūturu, me te hoahoa i ngā pūnaha kawe whakaurunga māmā, he āhuatanga e tika ana kia whakapau kaha mō te wā roa.

Whakakī

Ko te manawaroa o te tauhokohoko kai o te ao e tū ana i runga i te whatunga e tino whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā wāhi matawhenua. Tērā te panonitanga o te āhuarangi e whakarerekē i te taiao whakahaere o ēnei wāhi kōpiti. E ai ki te aronga o te pūrongo, mēnā ka kore e mahia he hātepe i mua i te pikinga o te tūpono o tētahi wāhi, kia noho hei raruraru pūnaha, kātahi anō ka taea te whakarite kia āhei te pūnaha kai o te ao ā muri nei ki te karo i ngā tūpuhi āhuarangi kaha ake. Mō te hunga katoa e whakawhirinaki ana ki te mekameka tuku hua ahuwhenua o te ao, ko te wareware i te whakaraerae o ngā wāhi kōpiti, ko te tikanga he utu nui atu ka utaina ki a rātou ina tae mai te tūpono.