Ka pēhea ngā hangarau ahuwhenua hou e whakapiki ai i te hua o te ahuwhenua me te whaihua o te whakamahi whenua?

Kei te tū te ahuwhenua o te ao ki tētahi wāhi whakawhiti matua. E matapaetia ana ka eke te taupori o te ao ki te 9.7 piriona i te tau 2050, ā, me whakapiki ake te hua kai mā te 70% i runga i te taumata o nāianei; ā, nā ngā huarere tōrino i puta mai i te panoni āhuarangi, kua heke iho te hua o ētahi rohe whakaraerae ki te 30%. I taua wā, kua ngaro i te 33% o ngā oneone o te ao te kaha whakaputa mā te whakahekenga, ā, kei te horo te whakatāone i tata ki te 1.5 miriona heketea whenua ngaki ia tau. I roto i tēnei horopaki, kei te tūmanakohia ngā hangarau ahuwhenua hou—mai i te ahuwhenua tōtika ki te pāmu poutū.

Te Tirohanga Whānui o ngā Hangarau: Mai i te GPS ki te Whakatika Ira

Ehara i te taputapu kotahi ngā hangarau ahuwhenua hou, engari he pūnaha kaunui e whakakotahi ana i te raraunga, te koiora, te mīhini me te hangarau pārongo. Ko te ahuwhenua tōtika e whakamahi ana i te GPS, ngā drone, me ngā taputapu tairongo IoT hei aroturuki i te hauora o ngā māra, te makuku o te oneone, me ngā panoni huarere i te wā tūturu, kia taea ai ngā whakaurunga taurangi. I roto i te hangarau koiora, ko te whakatika ira CRISPR me ngā hua whakawhiti ira e whakawhiwhi ana i ngā hua māra ki te ātete pepeke, te ātete tauraki, me te ātete i te wai nui. Ko ngā pūnaha whakamākū mārama e whakatika aunoa ana i te nui o te wai i runga i ngā raraunga wā tūturu, ā, ko ngā karetao aunoa e kawe ana i ngā mahi tino pukumahi pērā i te rui, te unu taru, me te hauhake. Ko te pāmu poutū e whakatutuki ana i te whakaputanga māra i te roanga o te tau i roto i ngā whare paparanga maha mā ngā tikanga whakatipu kore oneone pērā i te whakatipu wai (hydroponics) me te whakatipu hau (aeroponics). Ko te mātauranga horihori (AI) e rere ana puta noa, e arotau ana i ngā whakatau mā te tātari matapae.

Ngā Raraunga Whakaatu: Te Whakapiki Hua me te Rahui Rawa

E ai ki te arotake mātauranga hou, kua taea te ine ngā painga o ēnei hangarau. Ka taea e te ahuwhenua tōtika te whakapiki ake i ngā hua māra mā te 20% ki te 30%, me te whakaiti i te moumou tongatonga me te pesticide mā te 40% ki te 60%. Hei tauira, mō te miro Bt e whakamahia whānuitia ana e ngā kaipāmu miro o Inia, kua heke te whakamahinga pesticide mā te 50%, ā, kua piki haere te hua. Ko te hangarau whakamākū mārama e whakapai ake ana i te whakamahinga wai mā te 40% ki te 60%, he mea tino nui tēnei mō ngā rohe maroke. Ka taea e ngā mahi aunoa me ngā karetao te whakaiti i ngā utu whakaputa mā te 25%, e whakamāmā ana i te kore o ngā kaimahi ahuwhenua. Ko te pāmu poutū ka puta ngā hua 10 ki te 20 wā atu i te māra tūturu, me te penapena i te 95% o te whenua me te wai. Ko te AI neke atu i te 90% te tika mō te matapae hua me te tohatoha rawa, ā, kua noho hei taputapu matua mō ngā whakatau pāmu.

Ngā Ārai Whakapāhorahora: Te Utu me te Mōhio

Ahakoa te nui o te tūmanako, he nui tonu ngā ārai kei mua i te whakamahinga o ngā hangarau. Ko te nui o te moni whakapae tuatahi he ārai nui mā ngā kaipāmu iti me ngā rawa iti; ko te kore mōhio matihiko me te kore whakangungu hangarau e whakaiti ana i te whakamahinga tika. Ko te taiao ā-ture hoki he ārai—ko ngā herenga kaha a te EU mō ngā hua whakawhiti ira, me te ngoikore o ngā hanganga IoT i ētahi wāhanga o Āwherika, e whakapōnānā ana i te horapa o te hangarau. E ai ki te arotake, ko te tautoko kaupapa here, ngā mahi tahi tūmatawhānui-tūmataiti, me te whakangungu kaipāmu ngā mea matua hei whakawhiti i ēnei āputa.

Ngā Pāpātanga ki te AhumahiKo te whakamahi whānui o ngā hangarau ahuwhenua hou, kei te hanga anō i te aronga taketake o te mahi ahuwhenua. Mā te tiro ki te whaihua o te whakaputa, ko te whakamahi tika i ngā rawa me te mahi aunoa e tino whakaheke ana i te whakapaunga rawa mō ia wae whakaputa, e taea ai te "whakakaha toitū". Mā te tiro ki ngā tikanga whakahaere, ka whakakapi te whakahaere pāmu e ārahina ana e te raraunga i ngā tikanga tawhito e whakawhirinaki ana ki te wheako, ā, ka whānau mai he maha atu o ngā pāmu atamai me ngā papaaho ahuwhenua matihiko. Ka huri hoki te hanganga kaimahi; ka iti haere ngā tūranga iti pūkenga, tukurua, ā, ka piki te hiahia mō ngā tūranga pūkenga teitei pēnei i te tātari raraunga me te tiaki taputapu.

I roto i te mekameka tuku kai, mā te ahuwhenua poutū me te matapae AI e āwhina ki te whakapoto i te tawhiti kawe, te whakapūmau i te tuku me te hiahia, me te whakaheke i ngā piki me ngā heke o ngā utu kai ki ngā tāone. I te mea ka piki ake te kaha whakaputa o ngā whenua me ngā rohe matua whai hangarau, ka tika pea kia rerekē te hanganga hokohoko o ngā hua ahuwhenua o te ao. I tua atu, ko te whakamahi hangarau pēnei i te tiaki wai, te whakaiti i ngā matū patu ngārara, me te hopu waro, ka tautoko tika i ngā whāinga whanaketanga toitū o te ahuwhenua, me te whakaiti i te pēhia ki ngā pūnaha rauropi.

Te Tirohanga Whakamua

Mō ngā 3 ki te 5 tau e heke mai, ka tere te whanake o te hangarau ahuwhenua i runga i ngā huarahi maha. Ka hono anō te AI me ngā taputapu mahi aunoa, kia tutuki ai te huringa katoa mai i te kohinga raraunga i te māra ki ngā mahi ahuwhenua a ngā mīhini kore tangata. Ka noho pea te ahuwhenua whakaora me te ahuwhenua waro hei kaupapa hou, mā te whakapai i te hauora o te oneone e whakaheke ai i te tukunga waro me te whakanui ake i te whakaputa i te wā kotahi. Ko te whakamahinga o te hangarau blockchain i roto i te whai i te mekameka tuku kai, ka whakapiki i te mārama o te kai me te whakawhirinaki o ngā kaihoko. Ka noho tonu ngā haumitanga ki ngā papa whakamua pēnei i te AI ahuwhenua, te whakatika ira, me te pūmua whakakapi.

I te taumata kaupapa here, me hanga e ngā whenua he pūnaha auaha whakauru, mā ngā pūtea tautoko, whakangungu, me te whakangao i ngā hanganga, kia kore ai ngā kaipāmu iti e mahue i ngā painga o te hangarau. Ko te whakatinanatanga o ngā pūngao whakahoutanga me te ariā ōhanga porohita ki te ahuwhenua, ka tautoko anō i te ahuwhenua waro iti.

Kupu Whakamutunga

Ehara ngā hangarau ahuwhenua hou i te "matā hiriwa" hei whakaoti i ngā raruraru katoa, engari he huarahi whaihua tēnei mō te haumaru kai o te ao. Mā te whakanui ake i te hua mō ia wae whenua me te whaihua o te whakamahi whenua, ka taea e te tangata te whāngai i te taupori e tipu haere ana, me te kore e whakawhānui atu i ngā whenua whakatō. Ko te mea nui ko te āhei o te hangarau ki te puta i ngā rohe o te whare rangahau me ngā pāmu nui, kia tino whai hua ai ki ngā kaiwhakaputa katoa. Me mahi tahi te rangahau, te ahumahi, me te kaupapa here, ā, koinei te kaupapa matua o te whakahuringa ahuwhenua o te ao i roto i ngā tau tekau e heke mai.

*He mea tuhi tēnei tuhinga i runga i te arotake mātauranga i whakaputaina ki Frontiers in Plant Science, ā, he puna kōrero ngā raraunga katoa.*