Hangarau ahuwhenua hou: te pūkaha matua hei whakapiki i te whakaputanga me te whaihua o te whakamahi whenua

Kei te tū te ahuwhenua o te ao i tētahi wāhi hurihuri tino nui. Ki te tau 2050, e matapaetia ana ka eke te taupori o te ao ki te 9.7 piriona, ā, me whakapiki ake te hua kai mā te 70% kia ea ai ngā hiahia. I taua wā anō, ko ngā huarere tino kino nā te panonitanga o te āhuarangi, te pāheketanga o te whenua me te noho tāone e horo haere ana i te pūtake o te ahuwhenua tuku iho. I roto i tēnei horopaki, ko te Hangarau Ahuwhenua (AgriTech) e whakaarohia ana ko te ara matua ki te whakatutuki i te haumaru kai me te whanaketanga toitū.

He rangahau arotake i whakaputaina i te puka "Frontiers in Plant Science" i āta whakarāpopoto i ngā mahi o ngā hangarau hou, pērā i te Ahuwhenua Tika, te Hangarau Koiora, te whakamākūkū mārama, te mahi aunoa, te Ahuwhenua Poutū me te Mātauranga Horihori (AI), ki te whakapiki i te whakaputanga ahuwhenua me te whakamahi whaihua o te whenua, me te āta tātari i ngā ārai e pā ana ki te horapa o ēnei hangarau.

Ahuwhenua Tika: Te Whakahaere Tika mā Raraunga

Ko te Ahuwhenua Tika (Precision Agriculture) e whakamahi ana i te GPS, ngā waka rererangi kāore he kaihautū (drones), me ngā pūrongo o te Ipurangi o ngā Mea (IoT) hei aro turuki i te ora o ngā hua, te āhua o te oneone me te makuku. Mā ngā tikanga whakawairakau me te whakamākūkū rerekē, ka taea e te Ahuwhenua Tika te whakapiki ake i te hua mā te 20% ki te 30%, me te whakaheke i te moumou whakapau rawa mā te 40% ki te 60%. Mā tēnei huarahi e pā ana ki te raraunga, ka whakahekea ngā utu whakaputa, me te whakaiti i ngā pānga kino ki te taiao.

Hangarau Koiora: Te Pakarutanga o Ngā Hua Mārohirohi

Ko te Hangarau Koiora, tae atu ki ngā rauropi whakanekeneke ira (GMO) me te whakatika ira CRISPR, he taputapu hou hei whakatipu i ngā hua atete ki ngā mate me ngā pepeke, me te urutau ki te āhuarangi. Hei tauira, ko te kātene Bt e whakatōpūtia whānuitia ana i Īnia, i te whakapiki i te hua, i whakaitihia te whakamahinga o te pesticide mā te 50%. He mea nui ēnei hangarau ki te whakapūmau i te whakaputanga kai o te ao, inā koa i ngā rohe e kaha haere ana te mōrearea āhuarangi.

Whakamākūkū Mārama me te Whakahaere Rawa Wai

I roto i ngā tikanga whakamākūkū tuku iho, 50% ki te 60% o te wai ka moumou mā te whakaetonga me te rerenga wai. Ko ngā pūnaha whakamākūkū mārama, mā ngā pūrongo oneone me te mana aunoa, ka whakatikatika i te tuku wai i runga i ngā raraunga wā-tonu, ā, ka taea te whakapiki ake te whakamahinga whaihua o te wai mā te 40% ki te 60%. I ngā rohe kore wai, ka tino whakaitihia te pēhanga o ngā rawa wai e tēnei hangarau.

Whakaaunoa me ngā Karetao: Te Whakaiti i te Pēhanga o te Reipa

Kua noho te korenga o ngā kaimahi ahuwhenua hei take o te ao. Ko ngā taputapu pērā i ngā mīhini hauhake aunoa me ngā karetao taru, ehara i te mea ka whakaiti noa i te korenga o ngā kaimahi, engari ka whakaheke i ngā utu whakaputa mā te 25%. I ngā whenua whakawhanake, ko ngā karetao ahuwhenua (Agricultural Robotics) kei te noho hei mea noa mā ngā pāmu whānui.

Ahuwhenua Poutū: He Āhuatanga Hou mō te Ahuwhenua Tāone

Ko ngā pāmu poutū (Vertical Farming) ka whakamahi i ngā tikanga whakatipu wai (hydroponics) me te whakatipu hau (aeroponics), ki te whakaputa hua i roto i ngā whare maha-papa. E ai ki ngā rangahau, ki te whakatauritea ki ngā māra tuku iho, ka taea e te Ahuwhenua Poutū te whakapiki ake i te hua mā te 10 ki te 20 taima mō ia mita tapawhā, me te whakaheke i te whakamahinga whenua me te wai mā te 95%. Mā tēnei tikanga ka hōu te whakaaro mō te whakarato kai i ngā tāone, ā, ka āwhina anō ki te whakapoto i te mekameka whakarato.

Mātauranga Horihori: Te Arotau i ngā Whakatau me te Matapae He kaha haere te whakamahinga o te mātauranga horihori (AI) i roto i te mahi ahuwhenua. Mā te tātari i te tini o ngā raraunga, ka taea e te AI te matapae i te pakarutanga o ngā mate me ngā ngāngara, me ngā ia o ngā hua, neke atu i te 90 ōrau te tika, hei āwhina i ngā kaipāmu ki te whakatau i ngā whakataunga e hāngai ana ki te mātauranga pūtaiao. Ko ngā pūnaha tautoko whakatau e ākina ana e te AI kei te noho hei matua o te Ahuwhenua Mōhio (Smart Farming).

Ngā Pānga o te Ahumahi: Te Hanga Anō i te Kaha Whakaputa, ngā Kaimahi me te Mekameka Tuku

Ko te whakamahinga o ngā hangarau i runga ake nei ka tino pā ki ngā āhuatanga katoa o te mahi ahuwhenua. Tuatahi, ko te pikinga o te kaha whakaputa te tikanga he nui ake ngā kai ka puta mai i ia wae whenua, hei āwhina ki te whakaiti i te pēhitanga ki ngā whenua whakato. Tuarua, mā te aunoatanga me ngā karetao e huri te hanganga o ngā kaimahi ahuwhenua, mai i te mahi tinana ki te whakahaere hangarau me te tātari raraunga. Tuatoru, ko te ahuwhenua poutū me ngā tikanga whakaputa ā-rohe ka āhei ki te hanga anō i te mekameka tuku kai o te ao (Global Food Supply Chain), hei whakapoto i te tawhiti o te kawe, hei whakaiti i te ngaro.

Engari he wero nui kei mua i te horapa o te hangarau. Ko te nui o te haumi tuatahi, te kore rawaka o ngā pūkenga matihiko o ngā kaipāmu, me ngā ārai ture (ina koa ngā here ki ngā hua whakarerekētia ira) ka whakatōmuri i te horapa o te hangarau, inā koa ki ngā kaipāmu iti. Ko te tautoko ā-kaupapa here, te mahi tahi tūmatawhānui-tūmataiti (PPP) me te whakangungu kaipāmu e whakaarohia ana ko ēnei te matua o te whakatairanga i te horapa tōkeke o te hangarau.

Te Tirohanga ā-Mua: Te Neke Whakatūturu ki te Pūnaha Ahuwhenua Toitū

I roto i ngā 3 ki te 5 tau kei mua, ka haere tonu te whanaketanga o te hangarau ahuwhenua ki te āhuatanga mōhio me te aunoa. Mā te honohonotanga hōhonu o te AI me te Ipurangi o ngā Mea (IoT) e tino tika ake ai te whakahaere ahuwhenua; mā te whakaurunga o ngā pūngao whakahou me ngā mātāpono ōhanga porohita, ka taea pea te whakaiti i te waro o te pūnaha ahuwhenua. I te wā anō, mā te tipunga o te taupori me ngā rerekētanga o te hanganga kai e ākina ai ngā mahi auaha o te Hangarau Kai (FoodTech), pērā i te pūmua kē me te mīti whakatipu pūtau, hei whakawhānui ake i ngā pūtake kai.

He taputapu noa iho te hangarau, engari mā te mahi tahi o te ao katoa te panoni tūturu e tutuki. Me mahi tahi ngā kāwanatanga, ngā rāngai tūmataiti, ngā umanga rangahau me ngā kaipāmu, kia taea ai ēnei mahi auaha te huri hei kaha whakaputa tūturu, e tutuki ai te Kokiritanga Toitū (Sustainable Intensification).

Whakamutunga

Ko ngā hangarau ahuwhenua o nāianei e whakarato ana i tētahi āheinga kāore i kitea i mua hei whakatutuki i te haumarutanga kai me te toitūtanga taiao. E ai ki tēnei arotake, ko te whakapiki i te kaha whakaputa me te whakaiti i te whakawhānuitanga o ngā whenua whakato me ngā pānga ki te taiao, koinei te whāinga matua o te Kokiritanga Toitū. Ko te horapa o te hangarau me eke ki runga ake i ngā ārai ōhanga me ngā ārai pāpori, ā, mō ēnei katoa, me whai tētahi panoni pūnaha e uru ana ki ngā kaupapa here, ki ngā rawa me te mātauranga.