Whāngai i te taupori tekau piriona: Me pēhea te hangarau ahuwhenua e whakatutuki ai i te whakakaha toitūtanga, me te kore e whakangaro i te whenua?

Whakatakinga

I te waenganui o tēnei rautau, ka tata te taupori o te ao ki te 10 piriona, me whakaiti rawa ngā pūnaha ahuwhenua i ngā tukunga waro, penapena i ngā rauemi wai, whakaiti i ngā whakaurunga matū, me te whakaiti i te moumou, i te wā e tiaki ana i te whakarato kai. He wā “angitu, kore e angitu” rānei tēnei.

I tata nei i whakaputaina i te pukapuka hautaka Agronomy te tuhinga arotake Overview of Sustainable Agricultural Systems: Enhancing Efficiency and Reducing Environmental Impact, i whakakotahi i ngā rangahau 11, i tirotiro pūnaha me pēhea te whakapiki i te whaihua o ngā pūnaha ahuwhenua me te whakaiti i te pānga ki te taiao. Ko ngā rangahau e kapi ana i ngā mahi ahuwhenua tauwhiro, te whakamahi anō i te wai para, te whakaiti i ngā tukunga haurehu katiwera, te tapuwae waro, te whaihua pūngao, te ahuwhenua tika, te whakatipu whakahaere, me te whakatau matihiko, me ētahi atu marau.

Ngā Ara e Toru: Te Whakakotahitanga o Te Hārau, Te Whakatōpū, me Te Hangarau

Mā te arotake pūnaha o ngā rangahau 291, ka whakarōpūtia e te arotake ngā mahi ahuwhenua tauwhiro ki ngā aronga matua e toru: ngā mahi ahuwhenua hārau, te whakatōpū tauwhiro, me ngā mahi hou hangarau. Ko te ahuwhenua hārau kei roto ngā tikanga pēnei i te kanorau kai, te tongi waro, me ētahi atu; ko te whakatōpū tauwhiro e aro ana ki te whakapiki i te hua mā te whakapai ake i te whaihua rauemi me te whakapakari ira; ko ngā mahi hou hangarau kei roto ko te mātauranga horihori, te hangarau koiora, ngā waka topatopa, me te raraunga nui.

Kua karo te anga i te whakahē horihori i waenga i te ahuwhenua hārau tuku iho me te hangarau hou. Ko ngā pūnaha kai ā muri ake nei ka hiahia pea i te whakakotahitanga o ēnei e rua: ka taea e ngā mahi hārau te whakapakari i te hauora me te manawarū o te oneone, ko ngā taputapu matihiko me te koiora e āwhina ana i ngā kaipāmu ki te whakauru tika ake. I kī anō te tuhinga, ko ngā pūnaha whakakotahi kai-whāngai kararehe he huarahi whaihua. I whakatūpato ngā rangahau i ngā oneone kirikiri pārūrū, ka pā kino te mahi parau tuku iho ki te momona oneone me te hua mō te wā roa.

I ngā whenua whakawhanake, he maha ngā whānau pāmu e pā atu ana ki te whakaheke oneone, te tipu taupori, te pēhanga āhua o te rangi, me te uaua ki te whiwhi i ngā whakaurunga utu nui. Ko ngā pūnaha e taea ai te whakapai i te oneone me te pupuri i te hua, he kaha ake te manawarū i te whakawhānui e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā whakaurunga nui.

Ka Hurihia Te Para Hei Rauemi Hou

Ka whakapau te ahuwhenua i te 70% o ngā rauemi wai māori o te ao, ā, ko te whakamahi anō i te wai te kōhao matua o te ahuwhenua tauwhiro. E whakaatu ana te arotake, ka taea te huri i ngā wai para e whakapaea ana me ngā hua taha ahuwhenua, ki ngā whakaurunga whai hua ina whakahaere tika ana. I Brazil, i whakatakoto whakaaro ngā kairangahau he tikanga hei tautohu i ngā rohe e tika ana mō te whakamahi anō i te wai para whakamākū. Ko ngā wai para mai i ngā wheketere miraka me ngā wheketere huka ka taea te whakarato i te whakaratonga matūkai pūmau, ka whakaiti i te ti'aturi ki ngā tongi waihanga.

I kitea e tētahi atu rangahau, ka taea te whakamahi i te wai para o te whare patu kararehe e whakapaea ana mō te whakaputa tīwheta, engari me aroturuki i te rahinga konutai o te oneone mō te wā roa hei karo i te tote. I whakaatu anō ētahi rangahau, ka taea te whakamahi i te wai whakakaha (anaerobic digestate) mō te whakamākū me te whakawai i te kānga, engari me noho 21 ra te roa i waenga i te whakamahi me te hauhake, e taea ai te whakaora i te hapori moroiti tipu.Ko ēnei kitenga ka huri i te kōrero mō te whakahaere para mai i te whakakore ki te whakahoki rawa. I ngā rohe kore wai, ka taea e te wai para i whakapaitia te whakaiti i te pēhanga ki ngā pūnaha wai māori; i ngā whenua kawemai tongi, ka taea e ngā rerenga para whai matūkai te whakaiti i ngā utu whakauru me te whakapakari i te manawaroa. Heoi, ko te wai para kāore i tika te whakapaitia ka tūpono te whakapāha i ngā parahanga, ka kino te konutai nui ki te oneone, ā, ki te kore e tika te whakahaere ture, ka whakaparahako te ahuwhenua hurihanga i te taiao. Ko te wero kaupapa here ko te whakapūmau i te haumaru, te aroturukitanga, me te whaihua ohanga o te whakamahi anō.

Ahuwhenua Āhuarangi-Mātau: Whakaiti Tukunga, Kaua e Whakaiti Hua

E whakaatu ana te arotake kua kaha ake te ine o te ahuwhenua āhuarangi-mātau. Kei te hiahia ngā kaiahuwhenua, ngā pakihi, me ngā kāwanatanga ki te whai i ngā tukunga haurehu kati mahana me ngā tapuwae waro, kaua ko te hua anake. I te tonga o Parīhi, i kitea e ngā rangahau ko te whakakapi i te parakore takurua ki ngā tipu uhi, me te pūnaha kānga kore-parau, ka whakapiki i te tāpui waro o te oneone me te whakaiti nui i te tapuwae āhuarangi o te māra. Ka tiaki ngā tipu uhi i te oneone, ka whakapiki i te matū waro, ka whakaiti i te horo, me te āwhina i te pūnaha ahuwhenua ki te penapena waro maha atu.

I kitea e tētahi atu rangahau e tātari ana i te tapuwae waro ahuwhenua o Haina mai i te tau 2000-2020, kua piki te katoa o ngā tukunga 21.32%, ko ngā kaitakawaenga matua ko te whakapau tongi me te pūngao. I te wā kotahi, ka heke te kaha waro (ngā tukunga i ia wae uara ōhanga), e whakaatu ana kua whaihua ake te whakaputanga. Engari mō ngā kaihanga kaupapa here, kāore e rawaka te whakapikinga o te hua i a ia anō, me whai ngā kaupapa here āhuarangi i te rahinga o ngā tukunga, te whakamahi whakauru, me te hanganga o te tipuranga ahuwhenua.

Kei te wero hoki te arotake i ngā whakapae māmā mō te whakamahi pūngao. I kitea e tētahi aromatawai pūnaha ora mō te whakatipu tarukino i roto i te whare, ko ngā pūnaha kiato nui, ki te nui te whakapikinga o te hua hei whakakore i te whakapau hiko atu anō, ka pai ake ki te taiao. I whakaatu tētahi rangahau whare kati i te rohe maroke, mā te whakapai ake i te hoahoa whakaahuru e whakarei ake i te whakamātao taiao, me te whakaiti i te whakawhirinaki ki ngā pūnaha mīhini. Me aromatawai te toitūtanga puta noa i te pūnaha katoa: te hua, te pūtake pūngao, te whakapau wai, te penapena whakauru, te karo ngaronga, me te kaha tukunga.

Ahuwhenua Matihiko: Whakaiti Hua Parakore Engari Me Whai Whakauru Tika

Ko te ahuwhenua tika he taputapu matua ki te whakaiti i te parakore. Ko te mahere matihiko, te whakauru taurangi, te kāmera hihikotini, te ako mīhini, me ngā pūnaha karetao ka āwhina i ngā kaiahuwhenua ki te whakauru anake ki ngā wāhi e hiahiatia ana. I whakakotahihia e tētahi rangahau te whakaaro ūkui me ngā taputapu matihiko ki te tiaki tipu huka, mā te mahere matihiko me te whakauru taurangi i te whakaiti i te inaki patu ngārara, me te whakapiki i te whaihua mahi. I whakamahi tētahi atu rangahau i te whakaahua hihikotini me te ako mīhini hei wehewehe i ngā tipu tōmato i te tarutaru, me te tika neke atu i te 94%, me te 10-20 roanga hihikotini anake, ka taea te whakatau māra karetao wā-tūturu.

Ka taea e ēnei hangarau te whakarereke rawa i te whakahaere patu ngārara, tongi, whakamakū, me te kaimahi, te whakaiti i ngā utu, te whakaiti i te parahanga, te whakapiki i te hua, me te waihanga i ngā whai whakapaunga moni pēnei i ngā pūoko, drone, papa whakahaere pāmu, karetao, hangarau whare kati, me te tātaritanga raraunga.Heoi, he tūpono nui mō te tika i roto i te panoni ā-matihiko. Mēnā kei te utu nui tonu te ahuwhenua tika, he kaha te kohi raraunga, ā, e aro ana ki ngā pāmu arumoni nui, ka whakarei ake i te āputa i waenga i ngā kamupene ahuwhenua me ngā kaipāmu iti. He maha ngā kaipāmu i te Tonga o te Ao e pēhi ana i te whatunga ngoikore, te uaua ki te whiwhi pūtea, te iti o te tautoko hangarau, me te māheuheu o te mākete. Me tautoko ngā kāwanatanga me ngā whakahaere whanaketanga i ngā taputapu ā-matihiko e utu ana, ngā whakahaere kaipāmu, ngā pūnaha raraunga tuwhera, ngā ratonga toronga, me ngā tauira pūtea e taea ai e ngā kaihanga iti me waenga.

Pānga ki te Ahumahi

Ko te akiaki i te whakakotahi tauwhiro ka tino whakarerekē i te whaihua o te mahi ahuwhenua, ngā tauira whakahaere pāmu, me te hanganga kaimahi. Ko te ahuwhenua tika me te whakaautomatika ka whakaiti i te hiahia ki te mahi ā-tinana tukurua, engari me mātau hoki ngā kaipāmu ki ngā pūkenga matihiko. Ka kaha ake te porohita o te mekameka kai nā te whakamahi para hei rawa, ā, ka pūmau pea ngā utu kai nā te whakapiki i te whaihua o ngā whakaurunga, engari ko te whakangao hangarau tuatahi ka piki ake ngā utu. I te hokohoko ao, ka whiwhi painga whakataetae ngā whenua e whakamahi pai ana i te wai me te tongatonga, ā, ko ngā whenua e whakawhirinaki ana ki te kawenga tongatonga ka iti ake te whakaraerae mā te whakahoki para. Kei te whakawhiti te aronga whakangao ahuwhenua ki ngā papa raraunga, hangarau koiora, me te ahuwhenua whakaora.

Tirohanga ā-Mua

I ngā 3-5 tau e heke mai, ka aro te whanaketanga hangarau ahuwhenua ki ēnei taha e toru: tuatahi, ngā pūnaha whakatau e ākina ana e AI, mai i te kohi raraunga ki te tātaritanga wā-tūturu, hei whakapiki i te tika o te whakahaere pāmu; tuarua, ngā hangarau whakamahi rawa katinga, tae atu ki te maimoatanga wai para me te whakaputa pūngao koiora, ka noho hei tikanga mō ngā rohe kore wai; tuatoru, te mātua haere o te mākete waro me te mākete haepapa taiao, e akiaki ana i ngā kaipāmu ki te whakamahi i ngā mahi mārie ki te āhuarangi pēnei i te kākano uhi me te kore parau. Kei te piki haere tonu te hiahia kai o te ao, he nui te tūpono mō te ahuwhenua autō me te whakamahi AI, ā, ka tere te rere o te whakapaipai ki ngā mahi auaha ahuwhenua tauwhiro e taea ana te whakarahi. I te taha hangarau kai, ko te pūmua whakakapi me te mīti whakatipu pūtau ka noho ki tētahi wāhi nui ake i te mekameka whakarato.

Kōrero Whakamutunga

Ko te hurihanga e whai ake nei o te ahuwhenua ka tohua e te "tipu mārire ake": he iti ake te wai moumou, he iti ake te ngaronga o ngā matūkai, he iti ake te whakamahi matū, he pai ake te whakamahi raraunga, me te hoahoa pūnaha e whai ana i ngā rohe taiao. Ko te ahuwhenua āpōpō mō te hunga e kaha ana ki te huri i te whaihua ki te kaha urutau.