Te rangatiratanga o te kai i raro i ngā raru o te ao e inaki ana: ngā ara mahi kaupapa here mō ngā pūnaha kai toitū

Te rangatiratanga kai i raro i ngā raru o te ao: ngā ara mahi kaupapahere mō ngā pūnaha kai toitū

Tapanga iti: E ai ki tētahi arotake kaupapahere me te mahi i tāngia ki *Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems*, ko ngā pā kino o te āhuarangi, ngā pakanga mau patu, te paheketanga ohaoha me ngā rara o te mate urutā e whakangoikore ana i ngā pūnaha kai o te Tonga o te Ao mā te tāpiri tahi. E rima ngā ara hono e whakaarohia ana hei aronga mō te kaupapahere me te mahi.

Kupu Whakataki

Kei te teitei tonu te taumata matekai o te ao. I tāngia e *Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems* i te 25 o Mei 2026 tētahi arotake kaupapahere me te mahi, e whakahua ana i ngā raraunga o te 2024 a FAO me ētahi atu rōpū, e kī ana: neke atu i te 733 miriona tāngata e moe matekai ana ia rā. E whakaatu ana te pūrongo Global Hunger Index (GHI) nā Concern Worldwide rāua ko Welthungerhilfe, e 9 ngā whenua kei te taumata matekai tino kino, ā, e 34 anō ngā whenua kua whakarārangihia hei "matekai nui"—kei te Tonga katoa o te Ao.

I roto i tēnei arotake, ko te ingoa *Food sovereignty amidst global catastrophes: a call to action for sustainable food systems*, e whakapono ana te rōpū kaituhi mai i te Whare Wānanga o te Ahuwhenua me ngā Rawa Taiao o Lilongwe, Malawi, Te Tari Pūtaiao me te Hangarau Kai (Gareth Osman, Isabel Chikwenga, Richard Banda, Chimwemwe Chilenga, Khumbo Mhango, Victor Munkhuwa, Millias Mchimwa, Urunji Mezuwa, te kaituhi whakapā William Kasapila) kua kore te āhuarangi, te pakanga, ngā pā ohaoha me ngā mate urutā e noho wehe noa mai i a rātou anō hei wero; engari e mahi tahi ana ki ngā pūnaha kai i roto i ngā wā roa, e īnaki ana. Kua iti iho i te rima tau e toe ana ki te mutunga o ngā whāinga whakawhanake toitū 2030, ā, ko tēnei āhuatanga e tohu ana i te huringa whakapōrearea o ngā whakapaitanga.

Tuhinga Matua

Kua kore ngā raru e noho motuhake ana

Ka whakarāpopoto te arotake i ngā take e whakaawe ana i te raru kai o te ao i tēnei wā ki ētahi kāwai: te huringa āhuarangi, ngā pakanga mau patu me ngā whawhai, ngā pā ohaoha e pā ana ki te paheketanga ohaoha o te ao, te piki o ngā utu kai, pūngao me te wairākau, me ngā pānga ā-ohaoha, ā-pāpori roa o te mate urutā COVID-19. Ka pā tahi ēnei āhuatanga, ka whakangoikore i ngā pūnaha kai, ka whakararu i ngā oranga.

E kī ana ngā kaituhi, ko ngā whenua e tino pāngia ana, i noho whakaraerae kē i mua i te taenga mai o te raru—te rawakore, te ngoikore o ngā hanganga, te whakaraerae o ngā pūnaha kāwanatanga. Ko Āwherika ki raro i te Sahara me Āhia ki te Tonga ngā wāhi i tino pāngia i roto i ngā rua tekau tau kua hipa. Ki te kore e wawao, ka puta pea he huringa kino o te rawakore me te matekai, ā, ka uaua te wete i te takiwā o te 2030.### Mai i te haumaru kai ki te tino rangatiratanga o te kai

I whakamārama mārama te tuhinga i te “tino rangatiratanga o te kai” (food sovereignty): ehara i te mea ko te wātea noa o te kai, engari ko wai e whakahaere ana i te pūnaha kai, me pēhea te whakatau kaupapa, ā, ko wai ngā painga ka whakamuatia i mua (Huinga Rangatiratanga Kai, 2007). E whakanui ana i te mana o ngā tāngata, ngā hapori me ngā iwi ki te whakatau i ō rātou ake pūnaha kai me te ahuwhenua i runga i te tika pāpori, te toitū taiao, me te hāngai ki te ahurea.

Ka wehewehe motuhake te kaituhi i te haumaru kai me te tino rangatiratanga o te kai: ko te wātea, te urunga, te whakamahinga me te pūmautanga he mea e tika ana, engari kāore e ranea ki te whakarite i te rangatiratanga. Kāore e rite ki te “whakaratonga whaiaro o te motu”; ka whakaae te tino rangatiratanga o te kai ki te hokohoko me te whakawhiti, engari e tohe ana kia kaua tēnei whai wāhi e whakangoikore i te mana motuhake ā-rohe, te āheinga whakahaere, me te mana o ngā kaiwhakaputa me ngā kaihoko.

Ngā ara e rima

Ka whakamahi te arotake i tētahi tikanga arotake kōrero whakauru, hanganga, e whai ana i te anga toru wāhanga a Jernigan mā (2021), ā, ko te anga pūnaha kai a te Rōpū Mātanga Taumata Teitei mō te Haumaru Kai me te Matūkai (HLPE, 2017) te arotahi tātari—ka wehewehea e tēnei anga te pūnaha kai ki ngā wāhanga e toru e hono ana: te mekameka whakarato kai, te taiao kai, me te whanonga kaihoko—hei whakawaehere me te whakamārama i ngā taunakitanga. E rua ngā pātai o te arotake katoa: mā ēhea ara te raru e whakangoikore ai i te tino rangatiratanga o te kai; ā, i ngā whenua o te Tonga, ēhea mahi motuhake ka kaha ake pea te whakanui i te manawaroa.

Nā konei i whakarāpopoto ai ngā ara e rima e hono ana:

1. Te whai wāhi ki ngā rauemi whakaputa: te whenua, te wai, ngā whakaurunga, me ērā atu tikanga tūāpapa; 2. Te āheinga whakaputa me te manawaroa agroecological: tae atu ki ngā mahi agroecological, me te tūāpapa o te oneone me te kanorau koiora e kiia ana e te Ahuwhenua Whakaora (Regenerative Agriculture); 3. Te hokohoko, ngā mākete me te āheinga ōhanga: pēhea te rereketanga o ngā utu me te urunga ki ngā mākete e pā ai ki te urunga kai o te whare; 4. Te kai me te matūkai: mai i te whakarato pūngao ki te kounga matūkai me te kanorau kai; 5. Te whakahaeretanga me te āheinga o ngā whakahaere: te wāhi kaupapa here, te āheinga o ngā whakahaere tūmatanui, me te mana o te hapori.

E whakanui ana te kaituhi, ehara ēnei ara i te rārangi whakarara noa, engari e whakauru ana tētahi ki tētahi: ko te kaha o te āheinga whakahaere te mea e whakatau pinepine ai mēnā ka whai hua tonu ngā ara e whā e toe ana.

Ko wai e tika ana kia kawe i te kawengaKa tūtohu te wāhanga whakamutunga o te arotake ki ngā rōpū maha: ko ngā whenua whai rawa, ngā kāwanatanga o ngā whenua o te Tonga o te Ao, ngā kaituku pūtea ā-motu maha, ngā whakahaere āwhina tangata, ngā kaipupuri haumi me ngā pakihi tūmataiti, me kawe katoa i te kawenga nui ake i roto i ō rātou ake rohe whakahaere — koinei hoki ngā kī taurangi i whakatauria e ngā taha i COP29, i te Huihuinga G20, me te Huihuinga Pūnaha Kai a te Kotahitanga o Ngā Whenua +4, me ērā atu wāhi. E karanga ana ngā kaituhi kia anga te haumi ki te ahuwhenua toitū me ngā pūnaha kai, kia kore ai e hoki mai ngā raru kai me te matekai. E tohu ana hoki te tuhinga ko ēnei mahi e hāngai tika ana ki ētahi Whāinga Whakawhanake Toitū, tae atu ki te SDG 1 (Kore Rawakore), SDG 2 (Kore Matekai), SDG 3 (Hauora me te Oranga), SDG 12 (Whakamahi me te Whakaputa Haepapa), me te SDG 13 (Mahi Āhuarangi).

Ngā Pānga o te Ahumahi

Mai i te tirohanga o te hangarau ahuwhenua (AgriTech / Agricultural Technology) me te ahumahi kai, kāore te uara o tēnei arotake i te whakaatu i tētahi otinga hangarau, engari i te whakaraupapa anō i ngā kaupapa matua.

Te Hua o te Ahuwhenua: Ka whakaraupapahia e te tuhinga te “kaha whakaputa me te manawaroa rauropi ahuwhenua” hei ara motuhake, ko te tikanga kei te tirohia kaha ake te whakaaro o te whai noa i te whakapikinga o te hua mō ia wae. Ki te tino whakatinanahia ngā taputapu pēnei i te Ahuwhenua Tika (Precision Agriculture), te whakamākū atamai, me ngā pūoko oneone, me hāngai ki ngā āhuatanga rawa o te rohe me te rahi o te mahi a te kaiahuwhenua, kaua e hora noatia mā tētahi tauira ōrite.

Ngā Tikanga Whakahaere Pāmu me te Hanganga Kaimahi: Ina noho te kaha whakahaere me te wāhi kaupapa here ki te pokapū, kāore noa te whakamahi hangarau i te taumata pāmu e noho noa hei take whakahoki haumi. Ko te tūnga o ngā kāpoi, ngā rōpū kaiwhakaputa, me ngā kaiahuwhenua iti i roto i te mekameka whakatau, ka pā tika ki te whānuitanga o te whakaurunga o ngā kaupapa pēnei i te Ahuwhenua Atamai (Smart Farming).

Te Mekameka Whakarato Kai me te Utu Kai: Ka wehe te arotake i te hokohoko, te mākete, me te āhei ohaoha, e whakaatu ana ko te pānga o ngā tikanga whakawhiti utu kai me ngā here urunga mākete ki te whiwhi kai a te whānau, tērā pea e kore e iti iho i ngā whakapainga hangarau i te taha whakaputa. He tohu nui tēnei ki ngā pakihi e mahi ana i te whakamatihiko o te Global Food Supply Chain me te hokohoko hua ahuwhenua.

Te Ahunga o te Haumi Ahuwhenua: E karanga ana te tuhinga ki ngā taha katoa kia whakatutukihia ngā kī taurangi i ngā hui āhuarangi me ngā wānanga taumata teitei, kia anga te pūtea ki te Ahuwhenua Toitū (Sustainable Farming) me ngā pūnaha kai. Ki ngā pūtea e aro ana ki te hangarau kai (FoodTech), ngā pūmua whakakapi, te tukatuka kai, me te haumaru kai, ka hoatu tēnei i tētahi anga tohutoro mō te horopaki kaupapa here; engari ka tohu anō pea ka kaha ake ngā paerewa aromatawai mō ngā kaupapa ESG me te urutau āhuarangi.

Te Āhuatanga Hokohoko o te Ao me te Haumaru Kai (Food Security): Ko te ariā o te rangatiratanga kai tonu e whakaae ana ki te tika o te hokohoko, engari kua tāpiritia te here “kaua e whakakino i te mana motuhake o te rohe”. Ka whakatakoto tēnei kōrero i te kaupapa matua mō te matapaki i te anga whakamua o ngā mekameka whakarato ahuwhenua ā-ao.Me mātua whakamārama, e aro ana tēnei arotake ki ngā kaupapa here me te whakahaere, ā, kāore i whakarārangihia ngā taputapu hangarau pērā i te AI Ahuwhenua (Agricultural AI), i ngā karetao ahuwhenua rānei, hei tāuā matua. Ki te ahumahi hangarau ahuwhenua, he tohu tēnei mōna ake: ka kitea te hangarau hei āhuatanga tautoko pea, ehara ko te otinga anō.

Ngā tirohanga anamata

• Ngā tau 3—5 kei mua：I te tata haere o te wā mutunga o 2030, ko te wāhi kaupapa here me te āheinga whakahaere o ngā whenua o te Tonga o te ao ki te whakahaere i te pūnaha kai ka noho hei tāuā matua mō te aromātai i te ahunga whakamua, ehara ko ngā raraunga hua anake.
• Te ahunga whanaketanga o te hangarau ahuwhenua：Ko ngā hangarau ahuwhenua me ngā papa raraunga ka taea te urutau ki ngā mahi pakupaku me ngā āhuatanga hanganga iti, tērā pea ka nui ake te aro o ngā kaupapa here ki ēnei i ngā mahere aunoa mō ngā pāmu nunui.
• Te anamata o te aunoatanga ahuwhenua me te whakamahinga AI ahuwhenua：E whakaaetia whānuitia tonutia ana te mahi a te hangarau ki te whakapiki i te kaha o te whakaputa, engari i raro i te anga o te tino rangatiratanga o te kai, ka nui ake te whakauru o ōna paerewa aromātai i ngā pānga ki te mana motuhake ā-rohe me te mana o te kaihanga.
• Ngā huringa o te hiahia kai o te ao：Nā te whakakotahitanga o te tipu taupori me ngā tūponotanga āhuarangi, ka piki tonu te take mō te pūmautanga o te pūnaha tuku kai hei kaupapa wā roa.
• Ngā wāhi haumi pūtea ahuwhenua e aro nuitia ana：Ko te urutau ki te āhuarangi, te ahuwhenua whakaora, ngā mahi ahuwhenua-rauropi me te manahau o te mekameka tuku kai, e matapaetia ana ka mau tonu te aro o te pūtea tūmatanui me te pūtea tūmataiti.
• Ngā ia o te auahatanga hangarau kai：I raro i te horopaki kua whakaurua te kounga kai me te rereketanga o te kai ki te ara, tērā pea ka whakawhānuitia ngā taha aromātai o te hangarau kai mai i te “hua hou” ki te “āheitanga me ngā putanga kai”.

Whakamutunga

Kāore tēnei arotake i hoatu i tētahi whakautu whakaaro pai mō te hangarau. Kua tata kē ki tētahi rārangi kawenga: i tēnei wā e noho tahi ana te āhuarangi, te pakanga, te ōhanga me ngā raru hauora, ko te take o te tino rangatiratanga o te kai ka huri ki te āheinga whakahaere, te wāhi kaupapa here me te mana motuhake. Ki te hangarau ahuwhenua me te ahumahi kai, ko te tikanga o tēnei kei te nuku ngā paerewa ine i te uara o te auahatanga—i tua atu i te kaha, me whakautu anō ko wai e whakatau ana, ko wai e whai hua ana, ā, ka taea rānei e te pūnaha te haere tonu i roto i ngā pākinetanga.

Pūtake mōhiohio：Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems — Food sovereignty amidst global catastrophes: a call to action for sustainable food systems